A Devoted Christian Essay - 1644 Words

A Devoted Christian Christian teaching reflects on what they believe. Different groups of the Christian religion believe slightly different things, yet their views on death and the afterlife are always defined. It is clear from the teaching of the Bible that Christians believe death is not the end. Evidence of this is depicted in the Christian hymn title; It is not death to die. After the death of a much~loved friend or relation, Christians will always hold a funeral ceremony. A funeral is an event to celebrate the life, and to mourn the death of a close friend or relative who has recently passed away. At a funeral, the body can either be buried or cremated, and this choice varies†¦show more content†¦This idea can be supported with the quotation from the First Corinthians 15:20 in the Bible; When the body is buried it is mortal. When it is raised it is immortal. Christians believe that God will judge them when they die as to whether they have lived a good, honest life. They believe that they will either go to Heaven, Hell or Purgatory. Apostles Creed says; He will come again to judge the living and the dead. From the Bible, Luke 14:15 describes Heaven as a party. Revelation 21:3~4 says; He will wipe away all tears from their eyes. There will be no more death, no more grief or crying or pain. The old things have disappeared. This suggests to Christians that heaven is a place of peace and pleasure, where there is no pain or trouble. It is also depicted as a place to get away from the bad things in life, as in heaven, they do not exist. Different Christians will have slightly different views on what they think heaven is like, but these ideas will generally all be along the same lines. Many Christian Hymns and Painting are on the subject of Heaven as it is a very positive thought. Some of these Christian Hymns include; When we all go to heaven, and There is a land of pure delight. The first verse of There is a land of pure delight demonstrates a typical Christian view of heaven. Its reads; ThereShow MoreRelatedAp World Dbq Christian and Islam Attitude Towards Merchants Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagescontrast the differences of Christian and Islamic attitudes towards merchants until about 1500. From a review of the 7 documents presented, it is clear that Christianity and Islam condemned inequitable trade, which led to many Christians and Muslims to look down upon merchants; however, honest business, especially as a merchant, is honored highly. In fact, the Quran compares fair merchants to martyrs which were some of the holiest people of all [D2]. However, many Christian and Muslim believers foundRead MoreEssay on Edmond Rostands Cyrano De Bergerac1195 Words   |  5 Pagesprotect Christian despite his love for Roxane. This brings out a side of Cyrano that most of us had not seen before he died. He was loyal to Roxane and did not want to see her upset if he did not agree to protect her own love. Accompanying his love for Roxane, Cyrano was the person who had been writing her all those letters. I would like to accentuate that Cyrano was also the most devoted and patient man I have ever met. If you do not remember, Cyrano sent Roxane a letter from Christian twice aRead MoreChristianity During The Roman Empire1526 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most popular being Christianity. Christianity developed during the time of the Roman Empire. It began as a minority religion and grew into something much more than that. Christianity’s importance to the empire increased over time. At first, Christian values seemed different than those of pagan Roman civilization and Romans were not sure how to react to this growing minority religion. The difference between the two religions became clearer as Christianity became more prominent. Paganism was presentRead MorePersecution And Martyrdom Among Devotees Of Different Religions1329 Words   |  6 Pageson piety, persecution of anyone who defied the rule was seen as just punishment. Christian martyrdoms and persecution greatly prevailed. A martyr is a Greek word referring to a person who suffers persecution because of advocating or failing to denounce religious beliefs, which may either be religious or secular in nature. The most common and notable deaths are those resulting from advocating Christianity. Christians were mostly persecuted through mass-slaughter under the command of Roman officialsRead MoreThe Book Of Philippians A Couple Years Ago967 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Christian life can be described in terms of slavery to Christ. Five Parallels SlaveSo what does it mean to be a slave in the biblical sense? In his excellent book, entitled simply, Slave, John MacArthur outlines five parallels between biblical Christianity and first-century slavery. The first is exclusive ownership. Slaves are owned by their masters. As Paul says to believers so clearly in 1 Corinthians 6:19–20: â€Å"You are not your own. You have been bought with a price.† See, Christians do notRead MoreCathedrals: Implied Glory and Importance to Christianity Essay example1683 Words   |  7 Pagestheir very nature, they are holy places of worship for Christians. Unlike churches which are basic places of worship that are apt for most of the critical requirements of Christianity, Cathedrals are massive places of worship which act as the headquarters for the local diocese, or districts, of the certain sect of Christianity around it and are also where the Bishops resides. They serve as one of the holiest places of worship for Christians, but why ? They’re massive, they’re the headquarters ofRead MoreEssay on A City Upon a Hill by John Winthrop695 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica. Winthrop firmly believes that the people who are willing to be fully devoted to God must start a new life in America and be unified and come together as one. Winthrop has very comprehensive ambitions for the immigrating Puritans. He wants their religion to be a â€Å"City Upon a Hill†, or a model for other Christian churches. Winthrop is planning a rather perfect society in which everyone is 100 percent devoted to their religion and God. He tells the Puritans that they are a part of a specialRead MorePatrick Henry Led Early America with his speeches Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagesknown for his incredible words and messages he had shared in the past. This speech went over the top compared to former speeches. As a known Christian man, Henry referenced an array of Biblical subjects throughout his speech â€Å"Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death†, in which his audience could take time to deeply digest. During this era, most Americans were Christians, making it easy for Henry to never quotes scripture directly, but imply it for his audience to grasp. Patrick Henry communicates the ideaRead MoreEssay about Beowulf as a Messianic Narrative1027 Words   |  5 PagesMonsters and Critics. He quotes Donaldson, â€Å"While Christian is a correct term for the religion of the poet and of his audience, it was a Christianity that [had not] succeeded in obliterating an older [paganism],† and responds, â€Å"Donaldson describes what I have read: a heroic poem, [and] no-one reading the poem would find Beowulf a particularly Christian hero...Courage is the prime virtue exalted in Beowulf,†. Bloom and Donaldson argue that whilst Christian elements are present, heroic paganism is moreRead MoreReligion And Its Impact On Society1310 Words   |  6 Pagesconquered Jerusalem. Once in control, they slaughtered 3,000 Christians visiting the Jerusalem. It was common then for devoted Christians to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and its significant holy areas and it was not until the Turks took control of the holy land that they were no l onger allowed to do so. The Greek Emperor, Alexius Comnenus, sent urgent letters to Pope Urban II asking for help to halt the Turks who were killing Christians and burning down all non-Islam churches. Pope Urban II then

An Ethical Dilemma - 1276 Words

| An Ethical Dilemma | | Mary Ryan 8/27/2012 | Ethical dilemmas come up often within the workplace and can be difficult to handle when an employee needs to choose between what’s right and what’s wrong based on their own morals and principals. Handling ethical issues should be pursued in a steady and cautious approach towards matters that can potentially be dangerous or illegal. (Mayhew) One ethical dilemma that I was caught in the middle of left me in a position where I was almost forced into firing a person because of their sexual orientation. I felt this was an unethical request, and really made me think twice about the company I was working for and representing. A few years ago I worked for a company as a home†¦show more content†¦I refused to fire Sally and told the owner that if she wanted her fired then she would have to do it herself. Later on that week when I seen Sally, she told me that she thought the owner had a problem with her. I told Sally what happened and that I refused to fire her because I feel her sexual orientation is her business, and should not affect her employment. After our heated conversation, my attitude towards the owner had changed and I really did not have much respect left for her. Sally stayed employed for a while, but put up with a lot of unfair treatment from the owner. The owner really had me upset about this issue, and I felt I needed to stand up for Sally. I started doing some research on the issue of sexual orientation and finding out if it was illegal or not to discriminate against this issue. I was a bit surprised to find that it is not illegal, here in Michigan, to fire someone based on their se xuality. Today it is perfectly legal to fire; refuse to hire or refuse to promote someone because an employer thinks that a person is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. It is also legal to deny these people rental housing, or refuse to serve them in stores, restaurants and other public accommodations. They are not offered any kind of protection under the state law and have very few options when dealing with discriminatory actions. (equality michigan/ discrimination, ) After finding out that it was (is) perfectly legal to discriminate againstShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the workplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. This past particular summer really tested what I believe is right and wrong and how to speak up. One of myRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. By doing so, you are establishing and sustaining an organizational culture of ethics and integrity, which is the backbone of all successful endeavors. However, even the best structured organizations face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. It is how management recognizes and addresses these occurrences that will either set themRead MoreEthical Dilemma Assignment1766 Words   |  8 PagesCONSENT FORM Thank you for being willing to take part in this interview exploring ethical conflict or turbulence. I would like to transcribe the content of this interview to form a written document to be submitted to Sheffield Hallam University as a piece of assessed piece of coursework. It is important that you only take part in this interview if you want to. As such I would be delighted if you would complete and sign this confidentiality questionnaire prior to the interview taking place. (i)Read MoreCase Analysis : Ethical Dilemma1318 Words   |  6 PagesTitle of Paper: Ethical Dilemma One INTRODUCTION Mrs. Smith, is an 81-year-old widow. She has been widowed for over twenty years. She has been very independent with some assistance from neighbors due to her son living out of the area and unable to assist. Recently, she has had issues with her independence. She has set two accidental fires that caused damages to her apartment, as well as had a recent fall in the bathtub. These issues have gained her son’s attention which has led him to requestRead MoreEthical Dilemma at Workplace Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction – What is an ethical dilemma? Ethics is the term we give to our concern for good behavior.   It is human nature to not only be concerned with our own personal well being, but also that of others and of human society as a whole.   The difference between moral dilemmas and ethical ones, philosophers say, is that in moral issues the choice is between right and wrong.   In ethical ones, the choice is between two rights. Everyday Im faced with decisions of right and wrong, most of whichRead Moret Types of ethical dilemmas Mastery67Questions123Materials Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesTypes of ethical dilemmas Mastery 67% Questions 1 2 3 Materials on the concept: Typical Moral Dilemmas Confronting Business Communicators Ethics and Law for Management Communication Top of Form 1. As part of an effort to hire younger workers, a multinational organization assures applicants that they will get to visit its offices in other countries and work with the employees there. However, only two out of every nine workers actually get selected for such projects. What moral dilemma best fitsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas of Collecting Data and the Consequential Revision of Commodities, Culture and the Politics of Representations Definitions 1751 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation or data has become assets to companies, being regarded as property to be bought and sold to between companies. However, this has put forward the following primary ethical dilemmas surrounding human rights: the right to informed consent and the right to personal data. In addition to the creation of ethical dilemmas, the collection of human data has brought about a need for a revision of definitions. Commodities are known as a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be boughtRead More Will the Real Lupe Garza Please Stand Up? Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesAn ethical dilemma is defined as a moral issue, where a situation has two equivalent undesirable alternatives and neither choice will resolve the ethical predicament. Lupe Garza, mother of two children, is a temporary employee at a plant. Garza is an excellent and talented worker, and supervisors have taken notice in her skills. A human resource specialist named Sara Jones, mislead Garza in thinking she would unquestionably obtain a permanent job position at the plant, causing Garza to turn downRead MoreThe Ethical Principles Of Respect For Autonomy984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe nurse to administer blood despite Mark’s refusal. This situation presents an ethical dilemma to the health professionals involved in Mark’s care. The ethical dilemma is whether to uphold his decision not to receive the blood and therefore risk his life or give him the blood to save his life despite knowing his religious status and beliefs. There are several ethical principles involved in this scenario. The ethical principles of respect for Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Veracity and FidelityRead MoreDuty to Warn Essays1522 Words   |  7 PagesDuty t o Warn Jessica Hall PSYCH/545 09/4/2011 Dr. P. Duty to Warn The ethical dilemma I wish to explore is The Duty to Warn. This refers to the duty of a counselor, therapist to breach one of the most important bonds between a client and a therapist; the law of confidentiality. The therapist has the right to break confidentiality without the fear of being brought up for legal action. If the therapist believes that the client poses a danger, or is a threat to himself, someone else, or society

The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 4 Free Essays

He frowned a little. â€Å"What’s real y going on. What Riley’s up to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why he keeps bringing the most random kids to her. Why it doesn’t seem to matter to Riley if it’s someone like you or if it’s someone like that idiot Kevin.† It sounded like he didn’t know Riley any better than I did. â€Å"What do you mean, someone like me?† I asked. â€Å"You’re the kind that Riley should be looking for – the smart ones – not just these stupid gang-bangers that Raoul keeps bringing in. I bet you weren’t some junkie ho when you were human.† I shifted uneasily at the last word. Diego kept waiting for my answer, like he hadn’t said anything weird. I took a deep breath and thought back. â€Å"I was close enough,† I admitted after a few seconds of his patient watching. â€Å"Not there yet, but in a few more weeks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I shrugged. â€Å"You know, I don’t remember much, but I do remember thinking there was nothing more powerful on this planet than just plain old hunger. Turns out, thirst is worst.† He laughed. â€Å"Sing it, sister.† â€Å"What about you? You weren’t a troubled teen runaway like the rest of us?† â€Å"Oh, I was troubled, al right.† He stopped talking. But I could sit around and wait for the answers to inappropriate questions, too. I just stared at him. He sighed. The scent of his breath was nice. Everybody smel ed sweet, but Diego had a little something extra – some spice like cinnamon or cloves. â€Å"I tried to stay away from al that junk. Studied hard. I was gonna get out of the ghetto, you know. Go to col ege. Make something of myself. But there was a guy – not much different than Raoul. Join or die, that was his motto. I wasn’t having any, so I stayed away from his group. I was careful. Stayed alive.† He stopped, closing his eyes. I wasn’t done being pushy. â€Å"And?† â€Å"My kid brother wasn’t as careful.† I was about to ask if his brother had joined or died, but the expression on his face made asking unnecessary. I looked away, not sure how to respond. I couldn’t real y understand his loss, the pain it stil clearly caused him to feel. I hadn’t left anything behind that I stil missed. Was that the difference? Was that why he dwel ed on memories that the rest of us shunned? I stil didn’t see how Riley came into this. Riley and the cheeseburger of pain. I wanted that part of the story, but now I felt bad for pushing him to answer. Lucky for my curiosity, Diego kept going after a minute. â€Å"I kind of lost it. Stole a gun from a friend and went hunting.† He chuckled darkly. â€Å"Wasn’t as good at it then. But I got the guy that got my brother before they got me. The rest of his crew had me cornered in an al ey. Then, suddenly, Riley was there, between me and them. I remember thinking he was the whitest guy I’d ever seen. He didn’t even look at the others when they shot him. Like the bul ets were flies. You know what he said to me? He said, Want a new life, kid?'† â€Å"Hah!† I laughed. â€Å"That’s way better than mine. Al I got was, Want a burger, kid?'† I stil remembered how Riley’d looked that night, though the image was al blurry because my eyes’d sucked back then. He was the hottest boy I’d ever seen, tal and blond and perfect, every feature. I knew his eyes must be just as beautiful behind the dark sunglasses he never took off. And his voice was so gentle, so kind. I figured I knew what he would want in exchange for the meal, and I would have given it to him, too. Not because he was so pretty to look at, but because I hadn’t eaten anything but trash for two weeks. It turned out he wanted something else, though. Diego laughed at the burger line. â€Å"You must have been pretty hungry.† â€Å"Damn straight.† â€Å"So why were you so hungry?† â€Å"Because I was stupid and ran away before I had a driver’s license. I couldn’t get a real job, and I was a bad thief.† â€Å"What were you running from?† I hesitated. The memories were a little more clear as I focused on them, and I wasn’t sure I wanted that. â€Å"Oh, c’mon,† he coaxed. â€Å"I told you mine.† â€Å"Yeah, you did. Okay. I was running from my dad. He used to knock me around a lot. Probably did the same to my mom before she took off. I was pretty little then – I didn’t know much. It got worse. I figured if I waited too long I’d end up dead. He told me if I ever ran away I’d starve. He was right about that – only thing he was ever right about as far as I’m concerned. I don’t think about it much.† Diego nodded in agreement. â€Å"Hard to remember that stuff, isn’t it? Everything’s so fuzzy and dark.† â€Å"Like trying to see with mud in your eyes.† â€Å"Good way to put it,† he complimented me. He squinted at me like he was trying to see, and rubbed his eyes. We laughed together again. Weird. â€Å"I don’t think I’ve laughed with anybody since I met Riley,† he said, echoing my thoughts. â€Å"This is nice. You’re nice. Not like the others. You ever try to have a conversation with one of them?† â€Å"Nope, I haven’t.† â€Å"You’re not missing anything. Which is my point. Wouldn’t Riley’s standard of living be a little higher if he surrounded himself with decent vampires? If we’re supposed to protect her, shouldn’t he be looking for the smart ones?† â€Å"So Riley doesn’t need brains,† I reasoned. â€Å"He needs numbers.† Diego pursed his lips, considering. â€Å"Like chess. He’s not making knights and bishops.† â€Å"We’re just pawns,† I realized. We stared at each other again for a long minute. â€Å"I don’t want to think that,† Diego said. â€Å"So what do we do?† I asked, using the plural automatical y. Like we were already a team. He thought about my question for a second, seeming uneasy, and I regretted the â€Å"we.† But then he said, â€Å"What can we do when we don’t know what’s happening?† So he didn’t mind the team thing, which made me feel real y good in a way I didn’t remember ever feeling before. â€Å"I guess we keep our eyes open, pay attention, try to figure it out.† He nodded. â€Å"We need to think about everything Riley’s told us, everything he’s done.† He paused thoughtful y. â€Å"You know, I tried to hash some of this out with Riley once, but he couldn’t have cared less. Told me to keep my mind on more important things – like thirst. Which was al I could think about then, of course. He sent me out hunting, and I stopped worrying†¦.† I watched him thinking about Riley, his eyes unfocused as he relived the memory, and I wondered. Diego was my first friend in this life, but I wasn’t his. Suddenly his focus snapped back to me. â€Å"So what have we learned from Riley?† I concentrated, running through the last three months in my head. â€Å"He real y doesn’t tel us much, you know. Just the vampire basics.† â€Å"We’l have to listen more careful y.† We sat in silence, pondering this. I mostly thought about how much I didn’t know. And why hadn’t I worried about everything I didn’t know before now? It was like talking to Diego had cleared my head. For the first time in three months, blood was not the main thing in there. The silence lasted for a while. The black hole I’d felt funneling fresh air into the cave wasn’t black anymore. It was dark gray now and getting infinitesimal y lighter with each second. Diego noticed me eyeing it nervously. â€Å"Don’t worry,† he said. â€Å"Some dim light gets in here on sunny days. It doesn’t hurt.† He shrugged. I scooted closer to the hole in the floor, where the water was disappearing as the tide went out. â€Å"Seriously, Bree. I’ve been down here before during the day. I told Riley about this cave – and how it was mostly fil ed with water, and he said it was cool when I needed to get out of the madhouse. Anyway, do I look like I got singed?† I hesitated, thinking about how different his relationship with Riley was than mine. His eyebrows rose, waiting for an answer. â€Å"No,† I final y said. â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Look,† he said impatiently. He crawled swiftly to the tunnel and stuck his arm in up to the shoulder. â€Å"Nothing.† I nodded once. â€Å"Relax! Do you want me to see how high I can go?† As he spoke, he stuck his head into the hole and started climbing. â€Å"Don’t, Diego.† He was already out of sight. â€Å"I’m relaxed, I swear.† He was laughing – it sounded like he was already several yards up the tunnel. I wanted to go after him, to grab his foot and yank him back, but I was frozen with stress. It would be stupid to risk my life to save some total stranger. But I hadn’t had anything close to a friend in forever. Already it would be hard to go back to having no one to talk to, after only one night. â€Å"No estoy quemando,† he cal ed down, his tone teasing. â€Å"Wait†¦ is that†¦? Ow! â€Å" â€Å"Diego?† I leaped across the cave and stuck my head into the tunnel. His face was right there, inches from mine. â€Å"Boo!† I flinched back from his proximity – just a reflex, old habit. â€Å"Funny,† I said dryly, moving away as he slid back into the cave. â€Å"You need to unwind, girl. I’ve looked into this, okay? Indirect sunlight doesn’t hurt.† â€Å"So you’re saying that I could just stand under a nice shady tree and be fine?† He hesitated for a minute, as if debating whether or not to tel me something, and then said quietly, â€Å"I did once.† I stared at him, waiting for the grin. Because this was a joke. It didn’t come. â€Å"Riley said†¦,† I started, and then my voice trailed off. â€Å"Yeah, I know what Riley said,† he agreed. â€Å"Maybe Riley doesn’t know as much as he says he does.† â€Å"But Shel y and Steve. Doug and Adam. That kid with the bright red hair. Al of them. They’re gone because they didn’t get back in time. Riley saw the ashes.† Diego’s brows pul ed together unhappily. How to cite The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 4, Essay examples

Language Essay Example For Students

Language Essay IntroductionTo awaken from the dream means recognizing the illusory nature of this constricted self concept and perception of the body and mind, not as a means as of gasping at the ephemeral pleasures of the world or as a prison enclosing the self, but as an instrument for learning and communicating in various languages. Before the MoveTwo months before moving to New York, my friend William, thought he would be kind enough to warn me about the vast culture of the, Big Apple. William begins by telling me that I would not be able to survive the cultural diversity and I would not be able to get a good paying job or housing because of my ethnicity. Well, was he very wrong. Since I commuted to and from New York three times, a week I decided to put in a transfer from the company I was employed with to work in their satellite office in New York. When speaking with Cindy, one of the customer service representatives already living and working in New York, I mentioned to her that I was relocating to the New York office but did not have a place to live. Immediately, Cindy who I did not meet at the time offered me full living quarters with all the amenities for a charge of $445.00 a month. Gleefully, I accepted without even looking at the place. Moving dayI had two oversized suitcases and my brother at my side, who kept telling me to, You can make it. Because I was somewhat familiar with my surroundings, it was no problem for me to jump on the E train from Manhattan to Queens, New York. It was not until my brother Jerry and I got to Jamaica Queens that Williams words replayed in my mind. You will not be able to survive the cultural diversity. There were so many people from different cultural background gathered in one place ranging from: Jamaican, Guyanese, Trinidadians, Indians, Hispanics, Caucasians, Blacks and Mexicans. They were shopping, walking, talking, waiting for the bus and catching the dollar vans, going to their different destinations. After I stood there for a moment (relieving myself of the shock), while almost getting knocked down, I called Cindy on my cell phone to let her know I had arrived at the arranged pick-up spot. Prior to that day, when speaking with Cindy, I never knew she masked her Trinidadian accent. I heard her loud in clear, when she said, Chile Ill be dere and what cha look like. I told her I was black, with golden blond wavy hair, tall, medium built, wearing blue jeans, brown penny loafers and an oxford shirt. Veil of IllusionWhen Cindy drove by four times in her red pathfinder looking for me, I laughed. I had to wave my company backpack so that she would be able to find me. She jumped out of her truck, ran over to me, hugging and touching my face as if she could not believe I was black. Quite naturally, I had to grab her hand to let her know, I am live and in living color. Cindy blurted out, I just knew you were white and no one at the company would give me a description of how you look, and they just told me wait and see. I was curious to know why Cindy responded to me they way she did. Therefore, I asked Cindy, What eluded her to think that I was not black. Sure enough, she told me, it was the way I spoke and how I pronounced and annunciated my words. It was at that moment when I began to realize the misconception people have when it comes to language and communication. A month after I settled in apartment at Cindys house, I went to go and meet William at the Puerto Rican Day Parade. I saw a few of my co-workers and they began speaking Spanish to me, Como su el fin de samana? Buena, habla manana por la manana en trabajo (How is your weekend, Good, speak with you tomorrow at work). William had this incredulous look of surprise on his face, because he never new that I spoke Spanish. Since when did not verbally express his surprise, I told him that I learned to speak Spanish when I was taking voice lesson. In addition, I refuse to limit my learning abilities to not understanding others. Persuasive Essay: "Defining Freedom As Found In The Theme(S) Of The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn"Brother John maintains, for instance, that he need not tell himself the words tape recorder, magnetic tape, red button on the left, turn, push and so forth . . . in order to be capable of properly operating a tape recorder. . . . (Roche Lecours and Joanette, p.20) The Deaf who lack Signa group whose numbers are diminishing today, thank goodnesslack Brother Johns specific language-mediated apprenticeships, but we simply dont knowyetwhat structures in their brains are indirect products of the language that most of their ancestors in recent millennia have shared. The evidence that Donald adduces for the powers of language-less thought is thus potentially misleading. These varieties of language-less thought, like barefoot waterskiing, may be possible only for brief periods, and only after a preparatory period that includes the very feature whose absence is later so striking. There are ind irect ways of testing the hypotheses implied by these doubts. Consider episodic memory, for instance. When a dog retrieves a bone it has buried, it manifests an effect on its memory, but must the dog, in retrieving the bone, actually recollect the episode of burying? (Perhaps you can name the current U. S. Secretary of State, but can you recall the occasion of learning his name?) The capacity for genuine episodic recollectingas opposed to semantic memory installed by a single episode of learningis in need of careful analysis and investigation. Donald follows Jane Goodall in claiming that chimpanzees in the wild are able to perceive social events accurately and to remember them (p.157)as episodes in memory. But we have not really been given any evidence from which this strong thesis follows; the social perspicuity of the chimpanzees might be largely due to specialized perceptual talents interacting with specialized signssuppose, for instance, that there is something subtle about the posture of a subordinate facing a superior that instantlyvisuallytells an observer chimp (but not an human observer) which is subordinate, and how much. Experiments that would demonstrate a genuine capacity for episodic memory in chimpanzees would have to involve circumstances in which a episode was observed or experienced, but in which its relevance as a premise for some social inference was not yet determinedso no inference could be drawn at once. If something that transpired later suddenly gave a retrospective relevance to the earlier episode, and if a chimpanzee can tumble to that fact, this would be evidencebut not yet conclusive evidenceof episodic memory. Another way of testing for episodic memory in the absence of language would be to let a chimpanzee observeoncea relatively novel and elaborate behavioral sequence that accomplishes some end (e.g., to make the door open, you stamp three times, turn in a circle and then push both buttons at once), and see if the chimpanzee, fa ced with the need to accomplish the same end, can even come close to reproducing the sequence. It is not that there is any doubt that chimpanzee brain tissue is capable of storing this much informationit can obviously store vastly more than is required for such a simple featbut whether the chimpanzee can exploit this storage medium in such an adaptive way on short notice. And that is the sort of question that no amount of microscopic brain-study is going to shed much light on. 7. The art of making mistakes: the next storyThis brings me to my final step up the Tower of Generate-and-Test. There is one more embodiment of this wonderful idea, and it is the one that gives our minds their greatest power: once we have languagea bountiful kit of mind-toolswe can use them in the structure of deliberate, foresightful generate-and-test known as science. All the other varieties of generate-and-test are willy-nilly. The soliloquy that accompanies the errors committed by the lowliest Skinnerian creature might be Well, I mustnt do that again! and the hardest lesson for any agent to learn, apparently, is how to learn from ones own mistakes. In order to learn from them, one has to be able to contemplate them, and this is no small matter. Life rushes on, and unless one has developed positive strategies for recording ones tracks, the task known in AI as credit assignment (also, known, of course, as blame assignment!) is insoluble. The advent of high-speed still photography was a revolutionary technological advance for science because it permitted human beings, for the first time, to examine complicated temporal phenomena not in real time, but in their own good timein leisurely, methodical backtracking analysis of the traces they had created of those complicated events. Here a technological advance carried in its wake a huge enhancement in cognitive power. The advent of language was an exactly parallel boon for human beings, a technology that created a whole new class of objects-to-contemplate, verbally embodied surrogates that could be reviewed in any order at any pace. And this opened up a new dimension of self-improvementall one had to do was to learn to savor ones own mistakes. But science is not just a matter of making mistakes, but of making mistakes in public. Making mistakes for all to see, in the hopes of getting the others to help with the corrections. It has been plausibly maintained, by Nicholas Humphrey, David Premack and others, that chimpanzees are natural psychologistswhat I would call second-order intentional systemsbut if they are, they nevertheless lack a crucial feature shared by all human natural psychologists, folk and professional varieties: they never get to compare notes. They never dispute over attributions, and ask for the grounds for each others conclusions. No wonder their comprehension is so limited. Ours would be, too, if we had to generate it all on our own. **Let me sum up the results of my rather swift and superficial survey. Our human brains, and only human brains, have been armed by habits and methods, mind-tools and information, drawn from millions of other brains to which we are not genetically related. This, amplified by t he deliberate use of generate-and-test in science, puts our minds on a different plane from the minds of our nearest relatives among the animals. This species-specific process of enhancement has become so swift and powerful that a single generation of its design improvements can now dwarf the R-and-D efforts of millions of years of evolution by natural selection. So while we cannot rule out the possibility in principle that our minds will be cognitively closed to some domain or other, no good naturalistic reason to believe this can be discovered in our animal origins. On the contrary, a proper application of Darwinian thinking suggests that if we survive our current self-induced environmental crises, our capacity to comprehend will continue to grow by increments that are now incomprehensible to us. Further ReadingRodney Brooks, 1991, Intelligence Without Representation, Artificial Intelligence Journal, 47, pp.139-59. William Calvin, 1990, The Ascent of Mind: Ice Age Climates and the Evolution of Intelligence, New York: BantamRichard Dawkins, 1976, The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Daniel Dennett, The brain and its boundaries, review of McGinn, 1990, in TLS, May 10, 1991 (corrected by erratum notice on May 24, p29). Jared Diamond, 1992, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal, New York: HarperMerlin Donald, 1991, Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. PressRichard Gregory 1981, Mind in Science, Cambridge Univ. Press. Ray Jackendoff, 1987, Consciousness and the Computational Mind, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/A Bradford Book. Julian Jaynes, 1976, The Origins of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Boston: Houghton MifflinFrank Keil, forthcoming, The Origins of an Autonomous Biology, in Minnesota Symposium, details forthcomingAlan Leslie, 1992, Pretense, Autism and the Theory-of-Mind Module, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, pp.18-21. Colin McGinn, 1990, The Problem of Consciousness, Oxford: Blackwell. Allen Newell, 1990, Unifed Theories of Cognition, Harvard Univ. Press. Howard Margolis, 1987, Patterns, Thinking and Cognition, Univ. of Chicago Press. Andre Roche Lecours and Yves Joanette, Linguistic and Other Psychological Aspects of Praoxysmal Aphasia, Brain and Language, 10, pp.1-23, 1980. John Holland, Complex Adaptive Systems, Daedalus, Winter, 1992, p25. Nicholas Humphrey, 1986, The Inner Eye, London: Faber Faber. David Premack, 1986, Gavagai! Or the Future History of the Animal Language Controversy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. B. F. Skinner, 1953, Science and Human Behavior, New Yorkl: MacMillan. Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, 1986, Relevance: a Theory of Communication, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. L. Wilsson, 1974, Observations and Experiments on the Ethology of the European Beaver, Viltrevy, Swedish Wildlife, 8, pp.115-266. Endnotes1. See the discussion of Steven Kosslyns concept of visual generativity and its relation to language, in Donald, 1991, pp.72-5. 2.This is an elaboration of ideas to be found in my Why the Law of Effect Will Not Go Away, 1974, Journal of the Theory of Social Behaviour, 5, pp.169-87, reprinted in Brainstorms, 1978. 3. For more on the relationship between luck and talent (and free will and responsibility), see my Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting, 1984. 4.R. Dawkins, 1976, The Selfish Gene, Oxford Univ. Press. See also my discussions of the concept in Memes and the Exploitation of the Imagination, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 1990, 48, pp. 127-35. and in my book, Consciousness Explained, 1991. 5.This idea is defended in chapters 7 and 8 of Consciousness Explained. 6.See my review of Newell, forthcoming in Artificial Intelligence, special issue devoted to Newells book. 7. Cf. Dennett, 1991, Mother Nature versus the Walking Encyclopedia, in W. Ramsey, S. Stich, and D. Rumelhart, eds., Philosophy and Connectionist Theory, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 8. Such belief-like states are what I have called opinions (in Brainstorms, ch. 16.)9.In Consciousness Explained, I deliberately made upas an implausible but possible fictiona case of temporary total aphasia: there is an herb an overdose of which makes you incapable of understanding spoken sentences in your native language . . , adding that for all I knew, it might be fact, not fiction (p.69). If Brother Johns epilepsy could be brought on by an overdose of an herb, the case would be completeif Brother Johns case is the fact it seems to be. A review of the original report (Roche Lecours and Joanette, 1980) leaves unanswered questions, but no grounds for dismissal that I could detect.

The Cruelty of Umbrellas free essay sample

One afternoon this summer, I dragged myself out of the house to ride my bike along the Hudson River. It was hot and humid – not the moist, soothing humidity that softly caresses you in a tropical rainforest, but the heavy, burning-your-skin humidity that sits on top of you without asking and swirls the stench of garbage up your nose. But I had promised myself that I would learn to ride my bike with no hands, and my days of summer freedom were slipping away. I rode steadily up the bike path, occasionally lifting my hands briefly before losing balance. I reached my favorite rest stop three miles from home. â€Å"What a Day for a Daydream† danced in my ears from my iPod, and I thought, Why, yes, it certainly is. I parked my bike and lay down on a wooden bench. Curly gray clouds loomed across the river, but I decided I had time to rest before cycling home. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cruelty of Umbrellas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just as I got comfortable, a man appeared in my peripheral vision. When he spoke to me, I removed my earbuds and listened to his calm, thickly accented voice. â€Å"It looks like its going to rain,† he said. As if that were all the permission they needed, the clouds released light raindrops that spotted the bench. â€Å"I was just like you once,† the man continued. â€Å"One day a long time ago, I went for a bike ride and lay down on a bench, even though it started to rain. People walking by me probably thought I was crazy.† In New York City, it is always a guessing game whether a stranger who talks to you is â€Å"crazy,† but I knew at that moment this man was not. I studied his gray mustache and wrinkles as he told me that the raindrops were like soft little fingers on his face. â€Å"Rain is like therapy,† he said, â€Å"when you just lie there and let it fall on your face.† It was as though he was narrating my thoughts. He continued to talk, and I imagined his home life. He had immigrated from a small town in eastern Europe, and he hung pots and pans on the wall in his kitchen. â€Å"You are from China?† he asked. â€Å"Well, I am half Chinese,† I replied, surprised that for the first time in my life, a stranger could see my true ethnicity, instead of supposing I was Mexican, Hawaiian, or Filipino. â€Å"Im taking a tai chi class, and theres this word, Kua, that means ‘Everything in the body is connected.† He began to sway a little. â€Å"When the shoulders move, the hips move. Everything is connected.† The rain fell harder, and lightning flashed like the gods were having a photo shoot. I told the man Id better get home. â€Å"Nice to meet you,† he said, and we called each others bikes beautiful before parting forever. I had never ridden in the rain before. Would my bike skid and fall over? But riding on the wet pavement was surprisingly smooth. The raindrops smacked me so hard I wondered what Id done wrong until I realized it was hail. I narrowed my eyes to see the path ahead of me and gripped the wet handlebars tightly. I was disheartened that I wouldnt be able to practice my hands-free skills on the way home. But then a crazy thought crept into my mind †¦ Why not? And at that moment, I experienced one of the most liberating sensations of my life. The wind and icy summer rain whipped my face as my bent knees took turns being first and I raised my arms in the air, my balance holding strong. I yelled to no one in particular. Id never been more truly in the moment. Everything was connected. As soon as I reached my block, the clouds shriveled away. I had never experienced a more unusual afternoon. Normally I would have chalked the rain up to bad luck, but I remembered the mans tai chi reference. Who cares if my clothes were soaked? For the first time, I saw the cruelty of umbrellas for barricading us from the soft, therapeutic, tapping fingers. Like an umbrella, the codes of urban society prevent us from having contact with strangers. The danger is understandable, but the thrill of riding a bike with no handlebars and the refreshment of wise words from a mysterious stranger is worth getting a little wet.

GI Jane essays

GI Jane essays Women in military positions is an issue that has been very controversial for many years. Today, the typical occupational field of female service members is mainly administrative or medical but filmmakers are attempting to show otherwise. In the 1997 hit movie G.I. Jane, directed by Ridley Scott, one female whose determination reaches heights beyond anyones expectations smashes this image of females in the military. The portrayal of women in the movie G.I. Jane not only suggests that women can do anything the military men can do but also shows some political corruption and manipulation. Historically, female military members served as primarily medical doctors, nurses, typists, translators, seamstresses and other clerical occupations. There were a few instances where women did seem to have an interest in joining the men in infantry type positions during the World War II era, but all attempts to enlist were denied. The roles women played in the military were very important and essential for support of the armed forces but limitations were soon challenged. The women in some areas of the military, (ie. The Navy Nurse Corps), were not even given a rank equivalent to those of the men, and in 1942 President Roosevelt approved a congressional enactment to give those women a relative rank. The interests of women to attempt to enlist into infantry positions and contribute in wartime situations grew after WWII due to the increase in womens rights activations and demonstrations. New womens rights leaders came forth to fight for equality of women and made large gains, but women in combat situations was still an issue the military could not approve of. Today, women rank highly amongst all military members and fill many important positions. They are todays aircraft mechanics, computer operators, air traffic controllers, sailors, Commanding Officers and leaders in all branches of the United S...

The purpose of Dante's journey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The purpose of Dante's journey - Research Paper Example As such, the story is heavily influenced by the Catholic teachings during his time (the Medieval period) as shown by belief in these three states as well as an earth-centric view of the universe (before a more correct one was discovered by Copernicus and proved by Galileo which is helio-centric, for which he was forced to recant under pain of death during the period of the Inquisition) as evidenced by the story's placement of Hell at the center of concentric circles that was more or less consistent with the Ptolemic conception of the universe at that time. The story of his journey is an allegory that tells of his resentments at being forced to live outside his country (exiled) due to numerous political enemies who betrayed him. But the story of â€Å"Divine Comedy† has many other allusions to more crucial or important things in life that really matter the most such as loyalty and trust. Further evidence of the other aspects is a reference to the people who cannot decide their minds and practice fence-sitting to wait and see who wins in a political struggle before they will make their own stand known. In a sense, Dante's work is a stinging indictment of the people he had met during his lifetime but offers a redemption for some although a more potent message in this story presented as a collection of poems or songs is that punishment must fit the gravity of the crime committed. Discussion Dolce Stil Novo means the â€Å"sweet new style† in Italian and believed to be first used by Dante himself in a section on Purgatorio. The term actually referred to a new style of writing which was focused more on a theme of love than on any other topic. The new style of Dolce Stil Novo was a literary movement credited with improving the poetry of the time, such as the better quality of intellectual discussions, most especially when it pertains or refers to a female body in an adoring or idolizing manner. But perhaps more importantly, this style of writing conceive d the ideals or features of feminine beauty in terms of being similar to the creatures coming from Paradise. This idealistic form of feminine beauty is compared not to a physical type of beauty but rather in more spiritual terms. As Dante was a foremost exponent of this new writing style, his portrayal of Beatrice (his platonic love) is an example of the kind of love that is angelic and hence the woman served as a bridge to God for divine love. It is no wonder that Beatrice was the one who guided Dante towards Heaven. La Vita Nuova literally means the new life and this pertains to a Medieval genre of the courtly love (a noble expression of love that was at times illicit among members of a nobility) in which the male lover shows his love through his acts chivalry. These acts may constitute of anything that was considered honorable, brave and noble at that time. Courtly love is a special kind of love that is based partly on sexual attraction and spiritual discipline as it is mostly so rt of an unrequited or unfulfilled love (such as that of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet). It can be best described as an odd mixture of bravery, humility and courtesy with a good sprinkling of adulterous love as well that was a part of the prevailing culture of the nobility. Dante used this style of writing because he himself was a victim of an unrequited love during his childhood as well as into his adulthood. Courtly love as expressed through acts of chivalry is now largely a lost trait among the modern males; today,

Local Area Networking systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Local Area Networking systems - Essay Example Stair & Reynolds suggest that usually, LAN is wired into office buildings, factories, school buildings etc and are built around personal computers (PC). When a PC is connected to a LAN, a network interface card (NIC) is required which is placed in a computer's expansion slot to allow it to communicate with the network. A wire or connector from the network is then plugged directly into NIC. (Stair & Reynolds, 2001, p. 138) In order to install and configure a LAN setup in a school, first of all the topology should have to be selected. Out of the three topologies, i.e. ring, bus and star, star topology is the most feasible one, as due to the failure of a computer or a segment of wire or a node, the other network nodes would not be affected at all. For star topology the basic hardware required for connectivity are as follows: For a smaller LAN with a maximum of 10 computers Hub works fine but for a larger LAN a switch gives better efficiency compared to a hub. The reason is that the hub broadcast the data packet to every node, hence all other nodes except the destination node thereby ignoring the broadcasted data packet where as the switch store the MAC addresses of each node and would send the data packet only to the destination node. Further more in a larger LAN setup, if the distance between two switches or between switch and a terminal (computer) is more than 100 meters than we have to use a repea

Compare and contrast gender roles in the movies Battle of algeris and Essay

Compare and contrast gender roles in the movies Battle of algeris and mother of india - Essay Example particularly highlights this trend is when three National Liberation Front (NLF) women fighters change their appearance to be able to leave the Casbah and attack the French colons by planting bombs. The names of the three women fighters are Djamila, Hassiba, and Zohra. Originally, they are wearing burqas. Their plan is to enter the French colonies without making them realize where these women belong. In order to achieve this plan, they transform themselves into Western women so as to Europeanize themselves. They remove their burqas, cut their hair and dye them, and wear Western outfits. This way, the women fighters are perceived as part of the party in power whereas they are actually functioning as revolutionaries. This is how gender roles have been passed and used to the liberation fighters’ advantage. One factor that makes this movie unique in comparison to other movies based on women’s action is that the women fighters have been shown in the high femme drag in Battle of Algeris unlike the conventional movies on women’s action in which the female action heroes are presented in leather jackets, or military outfits with little to no makeup. The sexualized presentation assists the women fighters in placing the bombs. In this way, the women fighters essentially subjugate their gender identities, and penetrate the enemies’ world for a bigger cause. This scene deals with the gender as well as the racial representation in direct association with the technology used for war. There is a growing trend among women to become the suicide bombers, and the reasons for this are fairly understandable and intrinsically linked to their gender roles and perceptions. One of the most important factors that increases women’s eligibility to become the suicide bombers is the fact that the societal and cultural norms oblige men not to touch the women. The women fighters in Battle of Algeris took benefit of this norm and slipped through all the checkpoints and yet were not

The Dynamic Changing Nature Of Business Environment Marketing Essay

The Dynamic Changing Nature Of Business Environment Marketing Essay The dynamic changing nature of business environment has necessitated the continuous development and refinement of an organisational strategy encompassing its product or services, operational activities and most significantly the marketing communications. Marketing orientation (the customer oriented business philosophy) has set customer needs and satisfaction as the utmost priority of an organisation. Organisations now sought to seek a competitive edge by establishing superior brand image. According to Asia Market Research (2003), it is due to the proposition that consumers buy not only a product (commodity), but also the image associated with the product, such as power, wealth, sophistication, and most importantly identification and association with other users of the brand. A companys inability to maintain its desired differentiation or meeting basic expectations of performance standards, lapses in technical quality, culpable accidents affecting the safety of individuals, poor servi ce potential or unethical conduct, etc. cause negative publicity of its brand which leads to an adverse impact on its brand image. Although, a negative publicity influences consumer purchasing behaviour, an adequate reaction to such crisis can prevent the negative brand reputation kept to a minimum. An inadequate reaction may result in much negative publicity, whereby consumers will never or hardly ever buy the respective branded article again (Riezebos, 2002). In order to recover the brand from a colossal damage caused by such a crisis and prevent forming further rumour, a reliable, unambiguous and comprehensive message should be communicated to the public. The message should express the organisations concern regarding the crisis and should contain information on its efforts to recover from that crisis. However, most popular forms of communication mix such as advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, etc. have loosen publics confidence because of their superfluous exploitation and therefore can not be relied on to attain greater attention of the targeted audience in such a sophisticated brand crisis communication. Moreover, the extent of information supplied through these mediums is not adequate for changing public opinions. In this context, public relations (PR) is the sole medium which is perceived to be relatively unbiased and effective in establishing direct communication with the mass. During a brand crisis, PR assists an organisation to present a matter in its own point of view and creates a platform to apology to the public for any mistake. Apart from that, properly planned PR initiatives extend the ground for communicating with target audience of an organisation and thus reduce the risk of adverse impact on its brand reputation. This provides the cont ext for an increased importance and emphasis given by brand managers on exploiting the deliberate potential of public relations to assist in protecting, differentiating and upholding an organisations brand image. Rationale for the Chosen Topic There have been a limited number of researches carried out into the role of public relations in brand image crisis management. Although, some researchers have put emphasis on the effectiveness of public relations in brand image crisis communications, most of them have considered it as a secondary function in line with other areas of marketing communications. In a literature, Grunig et al. (2002) tried to establish PR as an independent corporate communication function and claimed its attitudinal superiority over other areas of marketing communications. Kotler and Armstrong (1996) have also acknowledged the significance of public relations over other communications mix in crisis management by stating that consumers are five times more likely to be influenced by editorial coverage than by advertising. (p. 617). However, none of these researchers has attempted to provide considerable evidence to support the credibility of PR in brand image crisis management. Therefore, this study is vital to fill up this substantive research gap. The study will evaluate the significance of PR campaigns in upholding a brands reputation during image crisis. The research findings will aid the decision making of managers who are responsible for corporate communications, marketing or branding. Besides, this will provide them with the guidance to determine the appropriate actions to be taken when a crisis hits the brand image. Most importantly, the study will direct an organisation to allocate PR budget within its communications expenditure. Moreover, this will help managers to identify suitable PR programs or techniques for different nature of image crisis. Last but not least, the study will provide implications of best practice between in-house PR practice and hiring a PR consultancy. Statement of the Problem The principal intent of this study is to establish that organisations now a day prefer to undertake public relations campaigns than other marketing communications mix whenever a crisis hits their brand image. The motive behind such preference might be that, people (i.e. the targeted audience of a PR campaign) perceive the medias and techniques used in a PR campaign to be relatively unbiased source of information than other widely used communications mix such as advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, direct and interactive marketing, etc. So, the information delivered through PR programs is positively accepted by public. Therefore, an organisation can easily achieve its crisis communications objective i.e. restoring the brand image through addressing negative issues in positive manner or apologizing to the public if necessary. However, among a variety of PR programs and techniques, the most persuasive one need to be identified and consequences of both in-house PR practice and hiring a PR consultancy should be addressed. Research Questions Answers to the following questions are desirable in order to accomplish the research goal: Is there any shift in the preference and usage of public relations in brand image crisis communications? If such a shift has taken place, how much increase has there been in various organisations public relations budget? Is public relations credible in defending negative publicity during brand image crisis? To what extent is it effective than other channels of marketing communications in influencing public opinion and restoring a brand? Which specific type of PR program or technique is considered most persuasive for changing consumers perception? What are the underlying reasons for such consideration? Which one does an organisation regard as best practice for crisis communications? Holding an in-house department for PR practice? Or hiring an external PR consultancy? What dominates its choice of best practice? Research Aims Objectives The significance of the proposed study rest on the following five issues: To analyse the degree of preference given to PR as a brand image crisis communications function in different organisations; To determine the level of shift in various organisations PR budget; To evaluate the credibility of public relations in defending negative publicity during brand image crisis and to compare its effectiveness with other channels of marketing communications in influencing public opinion; To identify the most persuasive PR program or technique among various practices for changing consumers perception. To establish the best practice between holding an in-house department for PR practice and hiring an external PR consultancy; Structure of the Dissertation Chapter 2 Literature Review Provides a review of the relevant previous research, literature and assumptions primarily consisting of various models, theories, analysis, organisational practices and practitioners remark regarding public relations, brand image crisis, etc. In a whole, this chapter provides a conceptual framework of the study. Chapter 3 Methodology Discusses chosen research method to achieve research aims and objectives (i.e. research design, sampling method, data collection procedure, analytical techniques, ethics, reliability, validity and the pattern of presentation of gathered data). Chapter 4 Findings, Analysis Discussion Present the gathered data with relevant analysis. Provides a comparison between the findings and the emerged frame of reference of this study and summaries research findings in light of research questions. Chapter 5 Conclusions Recommendations Includes summary, comment, recommendations and implications for organisations, limitations of the study and scope for future research. Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter provides a critical review of the previous research, literature, assumptions and organisational implications which are relevant to this research. In light of related theoretical models, issues, concepts, analysis, organisational practices and practitioners remark, it presents a conceptual framework of the study. The literature review is divided into seven major sections: Marketing Communications Mix Public Relations (PR) Brand Brand Image Crisis Its Impact Role of Public Relations in Brand Image Crisis Communications Ethical Issues in Public Relations Summary Marketing Communications Mix Marketing communications mix refers to the various channels used to communicate a promotional message of a companys offerings to the target customers. According to Rowley (2006), an appropriate marketing communications mix is fundamental to achieve the objectives of any given promotion strategy. Lancaster, Massingham and Ashford (2002) states that, the basic purpose of different communication modes is to communicate with customers in order to persuade them to buy the companys products. Among various modes of marketing communications Kotler and Armstrong (1996) defines five major channels as following: Advertising: Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. Sales Promotion: A variety of short-term incentives to encourage trail or purchase of a product or service. Public Relations Publicity: A variety of programs designed to promote or protect a companys image or its individual products. Personal Selling: Face -to-face interaction with one or more prospective purchaser for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions and procuring orders. Direct Interactive Marketing: Use of mail, telephone, fax, e-mail or internet to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers and prospects. Public Relations (PR) Defination Public relations practitioners and scholars hold different assumptions in terms of defining and describing the purpose and effects of public relations. According to the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (2008), Public relations is the discipline which looks after reputation, with the aim of earning understanding and support and influencing opinion and behaviour. It is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organisation and its publics. This definition provides an idea that public relations is one of the corporate communication functions that focus on establishing a superior brand image of the organisation or its products or services. Kotler and Armstrong (1996, p.616) defines public relations as a variety of programs designed to promote or protect a companys image or its individual products. According to Grunig (1992), some scholars describe public relations as dissemination of information, resolution of conflict or promotion of understanding (p.4). He suggests an academic definition for public relations as the management of communication between an organisation and its publics. McElreath (1996) describes public relations as a management function that uses communications to facilitate relationship and understanding between an organisation and its publics (p.3). Cutlip et al. (2000) defines PR as the management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on whom its success or failure depends (p. 6). Again, Stanley (1982) states it as a management function that determines the attitudes and opinions of the organisations publics, identifies its policies with the interests of its publics, and formulates and executes a programme of action to earn the understanding and goodwill of its publics (p. 40). However, all these definitions took the organisational point of view in describing public relations function. Johnston and Zawawi (2003) describes PR as the ethical and strategic management of communication and relationships in order to build and develop coalitions and policy, identify and manage issues and create and direct messages to achieve sound outcomes within a socially responsible framework (p.6). Jane, Morgan and Summers (2005) provides a definition stating the role of public relations in management: Public relation is defined as a management function that evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an organisation with the public interest and executes programs of action (and Communication) to earn public understanding and acceptance (p. 178) Some management educators and professional managers equate communication with techniques such as the writing of reports or letters, interpersonal communication, or publicity and media relations. They eliminate the term Public Relations from their policy and create new titles for the functions such as public affairs, issues management, corporate communications, or external relations(Grunig, L.A., Grunig, J.E and Dozier, D.M., 2002). Definition of Public in a PR Campaign A public relations campaign must not always be targeted at customers. It can be aimed at any individual or group irrespective of age, gender, profession, group, social status, etc. According to Kotler and Armstrong (1996, p.616), A public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on a companys ability to achieve its objectives. The intended audience for the campaign can be any one from the stakeholder groups. The purpose of public relations campaign is to assist organisations in building relationships with the publics from the several categories of stakeholders (Grunig, L.A., Grunig, J.E and Dozier, D.M., 2002). Lancaster, Massingham and Ashford (2002) describe the following stakeholders as publics targeted at a PR campaign: The Community Employees The Government The Financial Community Distributors Consumers Opinion Leaders Electronic News Media Brand Definition The predominant concept of the brand can be traced back to product marketing where the role of branding and brand management has been primarily to create differentiation and preference for a product or service in the mind of the customer (Riezebos, 2002). The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (Kotler and Armstrong, 1996, p.418). Branding is an integrated part of Marketing and an essential expertise of a professional marketer is the ability to build, sustain, defend and increase brand image. Another definition goes with the customers perspective: a product or service, which a customer perceives to have distinctive benefits beyond price and functional performance (Knox et al. 2000). The process of developing a brand is called Branding. According to Randall (2000), Branding is a fundamental strategic process that involves all parts of the firm in its delivery. It is about marketing, but is not confined to the marketing department. The brand must always deliver value, and the value must be defined in consumer terms. Mathieson (2005) describes branding as the means by which an organisation builds a compelling consumer experience that distinguish the companys offerings from the competition, generates sales and/ or creates an emotional bond with customers. Kapferer (2004, p.38) symbolizes the term brand to six levels of meaning: Attributes: A brand brings to mind certain attributes. Mercedes suggests expensive, well-built, well-engineered, durable, high-prestige automobiles. Benefits: Attributes must be translated into functional and emotional benefits. The attribute durable could translate into the functional benefit I wont have to buy another car for several years. The attribute expensive translates into the emotional benefit, The car makes me feel important and admired. Values: The brand also says something about the producers values. Mercedes stands for high performance, safety, and prestige. Culture: The brand may present a certain culture. The Mercedes represents German Culture: organised, efficient, high quality. Personality: The brand can project a certain personality. Mercedes may suggest a no-nonsense boss (person), a reigning lion (animal) or an austere palace (object). User: The brand suggests the kind of consumer who buys or uses the product. We would expect to see a 55 year-old top executive behind the wheel of a Mercedes, not a 20-year old secretary. Figure 2.2: Burnett Model of Brand Dimensions Source: Randall, Geoffrey (2000), Branding: A Practical Guide to Planning Your Strategy, 2nd rev edn, Kogan Page Ltd, London, p. 7 Differences Essence Personality/ Image Source What is it? What is to for? What does it do? How is it better? How is it different? What does the company stand for? What is the aim? How do people feel about it? Do they like / respect it? FunctionsBrand Identity Kapferer (2004) presents a comprehensive study of brands and proposes the idea of brand identity. He indicates the most important parts of brands that make up the whole: name, logo, design, packaging, etc. which he describes individually as brand identity. Schultz and Bailey (2000) describe brand identity as the outward manifestation, name and visual appearance of the brand that distinguish customers identification and perception of a product or services. Brand Image The term brand image depicts the perception of the brand in the mind of the consumers. According to ESOMAR (2006), The total impression created in the mind of a potential consumer by a brand and all its functional and emotional associations. The total image can be seen as the sum of several images such as the product, user, occasion, service and personality images. Customers hold a set of brand beliefs which makes a brand stand alone to other. The set of beliefs about a brand make up the brand image (Kotler and Armstrong, 1996, p.206). Yadin (2002) defines brand image as perception of market of the brand identity. However, Mooij (2005) suggests that the brand image is not necessarily the same as the brand characteristics the marketer uses to build the brand identity. He points out that many global brands that desire a consistent brand identity and hope this will result in a consistent brand image end up with different brand image across cultures. According to Rugimbana and Nwankwo (2 003), a companys history, style and dynamism are often the determining factors in creation of a brand image. Kotler and Armstrong (1996) again claim that consumers brand image vary with their experiences as filtered by effects of selective Brand Identity Sender Messages Receiver Signals transmitted: Products People Places Communication Brand Image Other sources of Inspiration: Memory Opportunism Idealism Competition and Noise perception, selective distortion and selective retention. Figure2.3: How Brand Identity Characterize Brand Image by Kapferer, J.-N. (2004) Source: Kapferer, J.-N. (2004), Strategic Brand Management, Kogan Page, London, p.98 Brand Image Crisis Its Impact As stated in the first chapter, a companys inability to maintain its desired differentiation or meeting basic expectations of performance standards, lapses in technical quality, culpable accidents affecting the safety of individuals, poor service potential or unethical conduct cause negative publicity of its brand which leads to an adverse impact on its brand image. Such a crisis can even destroy the most recognized brands. Millar and Heath (2003) describes several incidents which can tarnish the brand image both human-made and natural, such as tampering with a product, discovery of criminal activity, unwanted or hostile takeover, loss of an important customer, environmental accidents, etc. Due to the modernization and increased speed of information dissemination and reception, Millar and Heath (2003) states that, news of a crisis can spread so quickly that it can potentially paralyze the top management before they can effectively control the crisis situation. Negative publicity can slow down the regular function of the organisation. Riezebos (2002), states through the publicity the norms and values and the operating procedure of the organisation are brought under discussion (p.239). He divides the factors that influence the extent to which a brand can be confronted with negative publicity into three areas: market, product and brand related factors. According to Riezebos (2002) when there is fierceness of competition in the market, an incident can and will be more quickly used to wage a negative publicity by competitors. Again a product related crisis can occur when products are not capable of maintaining standards or affect the consumer. Brand related crisis can be negative brand perception or experience. Different Natures of Crisis that Affect Brand Image Crowthers (2007), Baines and Egan (2004) and Aaker (1996) suggest some frequent crisis that organisations usually undergo and which affects its brands: Government investigation Product recall Epidemic of food poisoning caused by companies products Controversial law suit Accusation of discrimination based on race, sexual preference or gender Big disruption in service Lapses in performance standards Serious injury to someone within or outside of the organization Poor technical quality Stakeholders Protest Workers Strike unethical conduct Physical violence between co-workers discovery of criminal activity Insider trading scandal Safety Hazard Usage of Illegal ingredients or means Plummeting stock price Sexual harassment case Dramatic downsizing causing significant job loss in a geographic region Chemical spill Radiation leak A major competitor has a huge crisis, throwing attention on your company Caught in a lie False advertising accusation Celebrity spokesperson embroiled in personal scandal Closing of a facility Role of Public Relations in Brand Image Crisis Communications Potential Significance Credibility of PR Defending Bad Reputation: The most important role of a PR campaign is to counteract negative publicity surrounding the organisation and its brands (Haig, 2003). Communicating positive information about the organisation through press release, newsletters, press kits, etc. are perceived to be unbiased by the public and thus prevent bad reputation. Jane, Morgan and Summers (2005) defines role of public relations in crisis management as programs of action (and Communication) to earn public understanding and acceptance (p. 178) Considerable Steps in Management of Brand Image Crisis Hubbard (2006) suggestes five steps for properly managing a crisis through PR: Addressing the public without delay following the discovery of the crisis; Maintaining honesty since the community is keener to forgive and forget an honest fault than a calculated lie; The organisation facing crisis ought to be informative since the press as well as the community will generate their own assumptions if sufficient communication does not take place resulting rumours can cause considerably more damage to the organisation than the reality. Showing concern and care for people because public will be more tolerant if they realize that the organisation cares about the victims of the crisis. Maintaining two-way relationships in order to be informed of the status of public opinion. Shift in the Practice of PR in Brand Image Crisis Communications In recent years efforts to control corporate crisis, or crisis management has matured as a public relations function and grown into a specialty area (Millar and Heath, 2003). The underlying reasons behind this development include: the appreci ation of electronic media as primary source of news, the increasing speed of the media to acquire information, improved database management systems, increased number of special interest groups and efficiency of media. The following figure shows aggregate FMCG executives of ten leading firms emphasis given to various communications mix as a crisis communication function. Here, + = increase, - = decrease , #= No Change NC = No Comments Figure 2.6: Perception of Change in Marketing Communications in terms of Emphasis (1980-89) source: Kitchen, P.J. (1993), Public Relations: A Rational for its Development Usage within UK FMCG Firms, European Journal of Marketing, Volume 27(7), p. 59 The figure shows that six of ten companies emphasis on advertising in crisis communication declined, three showed increase and one remained unchanged. The companies which demonstrated movement away from advertising gave reason to increased cost of advertisement. Again nine out of ten firms indicated decrease in personal selling showing reason to concentration of grocery trade leading to centralization of buying activity by multiples. However, nine companies stated increased emphasis on PR and most of these appreciated the effectiveness of PR and blamed the increased advertisement cost behind such shift. Increase in Organisations PR Budget Expenditure There is a significant increase in organisations PR budget in recent years. A study by Paley (2006) revealed that, total PR expenditure of UK organisations in 1991 was only à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤5 billion which increased to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤16 billion in 2005 which shows à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤11 billion increase in 14 years whereas advertisement expenditure increased à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤8 billion. Moreover, point here to be noted that, creative public relations can affect public awareness at a fraction of cost of advertising (Kotler and Armstrong, 1996). The company does not require compensating for the space or time taken in the media. It compensates only for the team or individual who write and pass the story or organise any occasion. Communications Mix Approximate Expenditure (in billions) 1991 1995 2000 2005 Advertising à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤14 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤17 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤20 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤22 Sales Promotion à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤8.5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤16 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤16 Public Relations à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤4 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤17 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤19 Selling à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤11 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤16 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤17 Direct Marketing à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤5 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤8 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤12 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤11 Table 2.2: Approximate Estimate of Communications Mix Expenditure in UK source: Paley, Norton (2006), The Managers Guide to Competitive Marketing Strategies, Thorogood, London (N.B. Industry Estimates has wide variations) PR Other Areas of Marketing Communications There has been a lot of debate regarding the relationship between public relations and other areas marketing communications mix. Academics, scholars, practitioners or managers present different views in comparing PR and other marketing functions. Many of the arguments are based on the matter of outlining the relevant roles of the two functions. From the marketing point of view, the primary function of a public relations campaign is publicity (Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G., 1996). According to Shimp and Delozier (1986), Public relations provides tactical support for marketing communications. However, this theory contradicts with PR practitioners and academics perception who describes the role of public relations is to manage the relationships between an organisation and those strategically important constituencies (can be any type of stakeholder) within its environment (Cutlip et al., 1994). After a careful study Kotler and Mindak (1978) suggested five models to demonstrate the relationship between an organisations public relations and other areas of marketing communications: separate but equal functions; separate but overlapping functions; marketing as the dominant function; public relations as the dominant function; public relations and marketing as the same function. Kotler and Mindak (1978) claimed that any single model can not demonstrate the relationship between these two. However, they claimed that there is a broader relation between two of these functions i.e. to uphold the brand image. But, Grunig and Hunt (1984) strongly disagree to accept this as relationship. According to them this is mere similarity of outcomes not functions Marketing/PR Image Assessment Media Strategy Corporate Advertising Relationship Marketing Direct Mail Branding Sponsorships Promotions Public Relations Publications Events Lobbying Community relations Media Relations Social Investment Crisis Communications Issues Management Marketing Market Assessment Customer Segmentation Customer Relations Product Development Client Servicing Telemarketing Sales Pont of Sales Promotion Advertising Figure 2.7: Relation between Marketing Public Relations Source: Johnston, Jane and Zawawi, Clara (2003), Public Relations, 2nd edn, Allen Unwin, Australia, p.13 2.5.6 PR Vs Other Areas of Marketing Communications Source: Article Filter [online] (Cited 12 April 2008) Available from A theory of Grunig, J.E and Grunig, L.A. (1992, p.357) tried to distinguish PR from marketing functions claiming that marketing and public relations serve different functions and that public relations can not be excellent if it is subjugated to marketing function. The authors acknowledge the signif

Graduation Speech: Live Your Dream :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The times before now have all been in preparation, preparation not only for this day but for the rest of our lives. We have all learned many lessons, which have helped to shape who we are. Starting way back in elementary school we began to discover that ... Riding the school bus went out of style by the fifth grade. That the most embarrassing part of the day was calling your teacher mom. That not eating the tuna burgers really wouldn't help to save the dolphins. And we finally began to realize that all the boys didn't have cooties. By middle school there were a whole new set of rules to be learned. That just because a relationship lasted a week didn't mean it was long term. That clothes bought from value village tended to have a really weird smell. That skipping class to sit in the bathroom wasn't really quite as cool as we thought it was. Finally we reached high school, the time we'd dreamed about and looked up to for most of our lives. We thought we knew what it was all about just because we had watched hours of reruns of "Saved by the Bell." We soon learned that ... Driving 15 miles over the speed limit isn't legal. That parents' clocks are always too fast especially if it's past curfew. That dads love you enough to sit through all the games and the awards nights. That it is possible for three girls to change a flat tire. Moms do know what's best, even if I haven't quite figured that one out yet. Oh and all people don't always find blonde jokes funny. But through all of our trials and learning experiences we've developed our true selves. Our future is now at the door and we must knock on it. I'm not up here today because I'm a super genius nor do I have anything close to perfect SAT scores. I am up here today because I am dedicated and motivated.

Philosophy Report

Compare, contrast, and evaluate Plato and Mill on the relation between the individual and society. Two of the greatest minds in intellectual thought, Plato and Mill living in relatively different times, they both shared the same issues and concerns but with very distinct perspectives. Plato believed that freedom was justice in the soul while Mill was defending freedom within a democracy. Is one freedom better than another freedom? Plato tries to show that individual justice mirrors political justice. He believed that the soul of every individual has a three part structure interchangeable to the three classes of society.Plato, being an idealist, he believed that his philosophers should be impeccable with knowledge. If â€Å"performing abortions† is morally offensive- in a Platonic society that debate wouldn’t happen, because it would be outright outlawed. So how would we know that it isn’t moral? We would never know. And THAT is the kind of suppression Mill disagr ees with- isn’t finding out the truth more important than morality? Or is ignorance better than understanding? Mill’s views in the individual and society completely differ from Plato’s. Mill’s view in the individual has the experience and environment that Plato considers unimportant.Mill also believed that a human could develop full potential only by offering the opportunity to define true ability in an individual. He was completely against forcing opinions from one group onto the other. It was doing injustice to the individual. Mill was for the people. He understood society’s struggles when it came to dangerous work stations to where the workers would be paid little to nothing at all. It was an injustice to them to be working so hard and not being appreciated for how hard of an effort workers put into their job. Freedom surely didn’t exist there and Mill strived for that to change.Virtuous and expert rules are possible if and only if the ru lers may be philosophers. Plato absolutely believed normal everyday people had no way in becoming a great leader because only intelligence and expertise is only found in Philosophers. He had the perfect picture of an ideal ruler. He also strictly believed one’s abilities portray the certain opportunities given to the philosopher while Mill believed in the complete opposite from that. Each person is naturally suited for a certain task. If you are gifted with intelligence, Plato believes it shouldn’t be put to waste.For example, you are better off being a Doctor than being a construction worker. â€Å"The good city† is possible when â€Å"experts† are in charge of it. Only two worlds existed in Plato’s Theory of the Forms: The visible world and the intelligible world. Knowledge comes down to having knowledge of the forms. You cannot know what is false. Opinion/belief cannot ever be wrong. Knowledge is about what is real or if you have facts to prove whether it’s true or false. Ignorance is separate from pinion but is much clearer than ignorance. It’s part truth, part ignorance.Mill thinks we should be free to do what we want, unless it doesn’t cause harm to society. It would be then, that kind of freedom should be restricted but when can these freedoms be restricted? Should it come to physically harming an individual to their brink of suicide? Physical harm and verbal harm play two different roles in society but I definitely believe are both dangerous. On Liberty, Mill makes funs of Plato that anyone can have an ideal society. Mill also defines justice in a variety of ways before making it into one whole thing.

How to Be an Amazing and Successful Substitute Teacher

How to Be an Amazing and Successful Substitute Teacher Substitute teaching is one of the most difficult jobs in education. It is also one of the most important. It takes a remarkable person to be able to adapt effectively to all the situations that will be thrown at them as a substitute teacher. Substitute teachers are used in virtually every school across the country every day. It is vital for school administrators to compose a list of top notch people who can successfully substitute teach. Flexibility and adaptability are probably the two most important characteristics that a substitute teacher must possess. They must be flexible due to the fact that they are often not called until the morning of the day they are needed. They must be adaptable because they could be subbing in a second-grade classroom one day and a high school English class the next. There are even times when their assignment will change from the time they are called to the time they actually arrive. Although it is beneficial for a substitute to be a certified teacher, it is not a requirement or necessity. A person without formal training in education can be a successful substitute. Being a good substitute teacher starts with an understanding of what you are expected to do and also knowing that the students are going to test the waters to see what they can get away with and be equipped to deal with any obstacles. Before You Sub Some school districts require new substitutes to attend some type of formal training before they are placed on the substitute list while others do not. No matter the case, you should always try to schedule a short meeting to introduce yourself to the building principal. Use this time to let them know who you are, ask them for any advice, and find out any specific protocol they may have for substitute teachers. Sometimes it is impossible to meet with the teacher but always do so if you have the opportunity. Although meeting the teacher in person is ideal, a simple phone conversation can be extremely beneficial. The teacher can walk you through their schedule, provide you with specific details, and give you a lot of other relevant information that will make your day go smoother. Always try to obtain a copy of the school’s student handbook. Have a solid understanding of what the school expects from their students and teachers. Some schools may even have a substitute policy designed to protect substitutes from poor student behavior. Carry the student handbook with you and refer to it when necessary. Don’t be afraid to ask the principal or a teacher for clarification. It is essential to understand that every district has its own unique student handbook. While there will be similarities, there will also be significant differences. It is essential that you learn each school’s procedures for emergency situations such as a fire, tornado, or lock-down. Taking the time to have a firm understanding of what is expected of you in these situations can save lives. In addition to knowing the overall protocol for an emergency situation, it is also vital that you have knowledge of emergency routes specific to the room you are subbing in as well as how to lock the door if necessary. Being professional starts with how you dress. Make sure that you know the district’s dress code for teachers and adhere to it. It is equally crucial to understand that you are working with minors. Use appropriate language, don’t try to be their friends, and don’t get too personal with them. Meet with the School PrincipalVisit with the TeacherKnow the Student HandbookKnow Emergency ProtocolBe Professional While You Sub Arriving early is a key component of your day. There are so many things a substitute needs to do to ensure that they have a fantastic day before school begins. The first thing they need to do is to report to the appropriate place. After checking in, a substitute should spend the remainder of their time looking over the daily schedule and the lesson plans, making sure that they have a clear understanding of the material they will be required to teach that day. Getting to know the teachers in the rooms around you can provide you with a lot of assistance. They will likely be able to help you with questions specific to the schedule and the content. They may also be able to give you additional tips specific to your students that could benefit you. Finally, it can be beneficial to build a relationship with these teachers because you may have the opportunity to sub for them at some point. Every teacher runs their room different, but the overall makeup of the students in the room will always be the same. You will always have students who are class clowns, others who are quiet, and those that simply want to help. You want to identify the handful of students that will be helpful throughout the day quickly. These students can assist you with finding materials in the classroom, making sure you stay on schedule, etc. The classroom teacher will be able to tell you whom these students are if you are able to visit with them beforehand. This is the single most crucial component of being an effective substitute teacher. Students of all ages are going to push a substitute to see what they can get away with. Start the day off by setting your own expectations and rules. Don’t let them get away with anything. Hold them accountable for their actions and don’t be afraid to assign them consequences. If this doesn’t get their attention, then go ahead and refer them to the principal. Word will spread that you’re a no-nonsense substitute, and students will begin to challenge you less and less making your job much easier in the long run. The single biggest thing that will bother a regular classroom teacher about a substitute is for the substitute to deviate from their plans. The teacher leaves specific assignments that they fully expect to be completed when they return. Deviating or not completing these activities is seen as disrespectful, and you can bet that they will ask the principal not to put that substitute back in their room. Arrive EarlyGet to Know Surrounding TeachersIdentify the HelpersBe StrictStay on Task After You Sub A teacher wants to know how your day went. It is beneficial to include students that were helpful as well as the students that gave you problems. Be detailed including what they did and how you handled it. Address any issues you may have had with the curriculum. Finally, let them know that you enjoyed being in their classroom and give them your phone number to contact you should they have any additional questions. It is important that you leave the room in as good of or better condition than it was when you arrived. Do not let students leave materials or books strung out all over the room. At the end of the day, take a few minutes to have the students help pick up trash on the floor and get the classroom back in order. Leave a NoteStraighten the Room

Socioautobiography Essays - Oaths, Scout Promise, Yao Shouzhong

Socioautobiography Essays - Oaths, Scout Promise, Yao Shouzhong Socioautobiography SOCIOAUTOBIOGRAPHY Socioautobiography DeVry University CLASS- I compared myself with other students who were born in China and now moving and studying in US as me many times, since I started planning to study abroad. What I saw superficially, people who living in a middle or upper class can decide to supply their children to study in a foreign country, so I think we were born in a similar family, until I met more people and learn more from them, I found it isnt like what I thought before. Most of my friends parents are working as a CEO of some companies, or maybe an owner of a factory or other business. When I was still in primary school to high school, though sometimes my classmates would compare with each other by what they have, I thought we were similar - we all born in a common family, neither very rich nor very poor, everything are in average. But after my parents decided to send me out of China, asked me to study in a language school in my holiday, I started knowing more people who really born in a family that I can only see in mo vie. And after I came to US, I met some of my friends who are young but already own their business by chance, and knew much more about the different types of people. One part of my friends start their working life by non-stop interviews or internships in China, one part of my friends still enjoying their happy life by traveling, shopping luxury products, and one part of my friends live their life by start a small business in different ways, and I struggle in school, helping my friend deal with their documents and giving advices for their business from what I learned in school, thinking of how to achieve my dream in the future FAMILY- I was born in a very common family, which is made up by my parents and me. I am the only child in my family, and I am the only girl in my fathers family. I was born in a period that China was implementing birth control. I used to think all people who were also born around those years are the only child in their family, and I was a , Gender, Race, Class, Media, Status